本页内容
- 环境要求
- 安装与更新软件包
- 使用 Apt 移除软件包
- 使用 Apt-Cache 搜索软件包
- APT 高级用法
APT（又称 Advanced Packaging Tool）是用于管理 Debian 系发行版（如 Ubuntu 16.04、Ubuntu 18.04、Debian 8、Debian 9 等）中软件包的命令行工具。APT 简化了软件包的安装、移除与升级流程，甚至可用于通过命令行界面升级整个操作系统。
本教程将讲解如何在 Ubuntu 上使用 APT 命令行工具管理软件包。相关命令已在 Ubuntu 22.04 至 16.04 版本上测试通过。
环境要求
- 一台运行 Ubuntu Server 或 Desktop 的服务器
- 对该服务器拥有 root 或 sudo 访问权限。
以下所有命令均以 root 用户身份运行。可在 shell 中直接以 root 用户登录，或运行：
sudo -s以切换为 root 用户。另一种方式是在所有命令前加上 'sudo '。
安装与更新软件包
apt-get 从不同来源获取信息并存储在本地数据库中。update 命令会从各来源获取软件包并将其更新到较新版本。
apt-get update -y运行上述命令后，你的数据库应该已是最新状态。
upgrade 命令用于将所有当前已安装的软件包升级到较新版本。
apt-get upgrade -y你也可以改用 dist-upgrade 命令升级软件包，它会以智能冲突解决方式改变软件包依赖关系。
apt-get dist-upgrade -y数据库更新完成后，你可以运行以下命令安装任意软件包：
apt-get install package1 package2例如，你可以运行以下命令安装 Nginx web server 软件包：
apt-get install nginx如果你只想下载软件包文件而不安装，可以运行以下命令：
apt-get install -d package1上述命令会将软件包文件下载到 /var/cache/apt/archives 目录。
要重新安装某个软件包到较新版本，运行以下命令：
apt-get install package1 --reinstall使用 Apt 移除软件包
要从系统中移除某个软件包，运行以下命令：
apt-get remove package1上述命令只会移除软件包，但保留其配置文件。
要连同配置文件一起移除软件包，运行以下命令：
apt-get purge package1你也可以运行以下命令移除所有不再需要的软件包并清理数据库：
apt-get autoremove
apt-get clean使用 Apt-Cache 搜索软件包
apt-cache 命令用于搜索软件包。
要根据软件包描述进行查找，运行以下命令：
apt-cache search proftpd你将看到如下输出：
resource-agents - Cluster Resource Agents fail2ban - ban hosts that cause multiple authentication errors ftpd - File Transfer Protocol (FTP) server gadmin-proftpd - GTK+ configuration tool for proftpd gadmin-proftpd-dbg - GTK+ configuration tool for proftpd debug package gadmintools - GTK+ server administration tools (meta-package) proftpd-basic - Versatile, virtual-hosting FTP daemon - binaries proftpd-dev - Versatile, virtual-hosting FTP daemon - development files proftpd-doc - Versatile, virtual-hosting FTP daemon - documentation proftpd-mod-autohost - ProFTPD module mod_autohost proftpd-mod-case - ProFTPD module mod_case proftpd-mod-clamav - ProFTPD module mod_clamav proftpd-mod-dnsbl - ProFTPD module mod_dnsbl proftpd-mod-fsync - ProFTPD module mod_fsync proftpd-mod-geoip - Versatile, virtual-hosting FTP daemon - GeoIP module proftpd-mod-ldap - Versatile, virtual-hosting FTP daemon - LDAP module proftpd-mod-msg - ProFTPD module mod_msg proftpd-mod-mysql - Versatile, virtual-hosting FTP daemon - MySQL module proftpd-mod-odbc - Versatile, virtual-hosting FTP daemon - ODBC module proftpd-mod-pgsql - Versatile, virtual-hosting FTP daemon - PostgreSQL module proftpd-mod-sqlite - Versatile, virtual-hosting FTP daemon - SQLite3 module proftpd-mod-tar - ProFTPD module mod_tar proftpd-mod-vroot - ProFTPD module mod_vroot
要查找所有以 proftpd 开头的软件包，运行以下命令：
apt-cache pkgnames proftpd你将看到如下输出：
apt-cache pkgnames proftpd
proftpd-mod-dnsbl
proftpd-mod-odbc
proftpd-mod-pgsql
proftpd-doc
proftpd-mod-tar
proftpd-mod-ldap
proftpd-mod-case
proftpd-mod-geoip
proftpd-mod-mysql
proftpd-basic
proftpd-mod-vroot
proftpd-mod-clamav
proftpd-mod-autohost
proftpd-mod-fsync
proftpd-mod-sqlite
proftpd-mod-msg
proftpd-dev
你可以使用以下命令查看任意软件包（此处以 nano 为例）的完整信息：
apt-cache show nano输出：
Package: nano Priority: standard Section: editors Installed-Size: 600 Maintainer: Ubuntu Developers < [email protected] > Original-Maintainer: Jordi Mallach < [email protected] > Architecture: amd64 Version: 2.2.6-1ubuntu1 Replaces: pico Provides: editor Depends: libc6 (>= 2.14), libncursesw5 (>= 5.6+20070908), libtinfo5, dpkg (>= 1.15.4) | install-info Suggests: spell Conflicts: pico Breaks: alpine-pico (<= 2.00+dfsg-5) Filename: pool/main/n/nano/nano_2.2.6-1ubuntu1_amd64.deb Size: 194060 MD5sum: c97dc062e9941bfe13b6b303cf8ed639 SHA1: ee93fcfd1f2ecd601b0a8f8932319848043f4f0f SHA256: f20d8cca5c30b90ebf68301d126f86e473ac83e7d6fdc36f59bcd685c2eb4020 Description-en: small, friendly text editor inspired by Pico GNU nano is an easy-to-use text editor originally designed as a replacement for Pico, the ncurses-based editor from the non-free mailer package Pine (itself now available under the Apache License as Alpine). . However, nano also implements many features missing in pico, including: - feature toggles; - interactive search and replace (with regular expression support); - go to line (and column) command; - auto-indentation and color syntax-highlighting; - filename tab-completion and support for multiple buffers; - full internationalization support. Description-md5: b7e1d8c3d831118724cfe8ea3996b595 Homepage: http://www.nano-editor.org/ Bugs: https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+filebug Origin: Ubuntu Supported: 5y Task: standard, kubuntu-active, kubuntu-active
要查看某个特定软件包的依赖关系，运行以下命令：
apt-cache showpkg htop输出：
Package: htop
Versions:
2.1.0-3 (/var/lib/apt/lists/archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_bionic_main_binary-amd64_Packages) (/var/lib/dpkg/status)
Description Language:
File: /var/lib/apt/lists/archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_bionic_main_binary-amd64_Packages
MD5: 8eb5aa19b3c92a975dc78e2165f6688d
Description Language: en
File: /var/lib/apt/lists/archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_bionic_main_i18n_Translation-en
MD5: 8eb5aa19b3c92a975dc78e2165f6688d
Reverse Depends:
ubuntu-server,htop
lubuntu-qt-desktop,htop
lubuntu-gtk-desktop,htop
lubuntu-desktop,htop
util-vserver,htop
ubuntu-benchmark-tools,htop
lubuntu-qt-desktop,htop
lubuntu-gtk-desktop,htop
lubuntu-desktop,htop
hollywood,htop
freedombox-setup,htop
Dependencies:
2.1.0-3 - libc6 (2 2.15) libncursesw5 (2 6) libtinfo5 (2 6) lsof (0 (null)) strace (0 (null))
Provides:
2.1.0-3 -
Reverse Provides:
要检查某个软件包是否已安装以及它属于哪个 repository，运行以下命令：
apt-cache policy apache2你将看到如下输出：
apache2:
Installed: 2.4.29-1ubuntu4.5
Candidate: 2.4.29-1ubuntu4.5
Version table:
*** 2.4.29-1ubuntu4.5 500
500 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-updates/main amd64 Packages
100 /var/lib/dpkg/status
2.4.29-1ubuntu4.4 500
500 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-security/main amd64 Packages
2.4.29-1ubuntu4 500
500 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic/main amd64 Packages
APT 高级用法
你也可以运行以下命令检查损坏的依赖关系。
apt-get check你将看到如下输出：
Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done
要搜索并安装某个软件包的构建依赖（此处以 vsftpd 为例），使用以下命令：
apt-get build-dep vsftpd在以下输出中你将看到 vsftpd 软件包所需的全部依赖：
Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done Note, selecting 'libcap-dev' instead of 'libcap2-dev' The following NEW packages will be installed: debhelper dh-apparmor dh-apport libcap-dev libpam0g-dev po-debconf The following packages will be upgraded: libpam0g 1 upgraded, 6 newly installed, 0 to remove and 595 not upgraded. 1 not fully installed or removed. Need to get 1,020 kB of archives. After this operation, 2,238 kB of additional disk space will be used. Do you want to continue? [Y/n]
要下载任意软件包的源代码，并解包、编译该软件包，运行以下命令：
apt-get --compile source htop你将看到如下输出：
Reading package lists... Done NOTICE: 'htop' packaging is maintained in the 'Git' version control system at: https://salsa.debian.org/debian/htop.git Please use: git clone https://salsa.debian.org/debian/htop.git to retrieve the latest (possibly unreleased) updates to the package. Need to get 314 kB of source archives. Get:1 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic/main htop 2.1.0-3 (dsc) [1,961 B] Get:2 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic/main htop 2.1.0-3 (tar) [303 kB] Get:3 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic/main htop 2.1.0-3 (diff) [8,824 B] Fetched 314 kB in 35s (8,877 B/s) dpkg-source: info: extracting htop in htop-2.1.0 dpkg-source: info: unpacking htop_2.1.0.orig.tar.gz dpkg-source: info: unpacking htop_2.1.0-3.debian.tar.xz dpkg-source: info: applying 601-openvz-new-ctid-vpid.patch dpkg-source: info: applying fix-small-terminals.patch dpkg-source: info: applying fix-ldflags.patch dpkg-source: info: applying fix-isalnum-crash.patch dpkg-buildpackage: info: source package htop dpkg-buildpackage: info: source version 2.1.0-3 dpkg-buildpackage: info: source distribution unstable dpkg-buildpackage: info: source changed by Graham Inggs < [email protected] > dpkg-buildpackage: info: host architecture amd64
要查看 APT 的版本，运行以下命令：
apt-get -v输出：
apt 1.6.1 (amd64)
Supported modules:
*Ver: Standard .deb
*Pkg: Debian dpkg interface (Priority 30)
Pkg: Debian APT solver interface (Priority -1000)
Pkg: Debian APT planner interface (Priority -1000)
S.L: 'deb' Debian binary tree
S.L: 'deb-src' Debian source tree
Idx: Debian Source Index
Idx: Debian Package Index
Idx: Debian Translation Index
Idx: Debian dpkg status file
Idx: Debian deb file
Idx: Debian dsc file
Idx: Debian control file
Idx: EDSP scenario file
Idx: EIPP scenario file
你可以运行以下命令列出 APT 提供的所有选项：
apt-get -h输出：
apt 1.6.1 (amd64)
Usage: apt-get [options] command
apt-get [options] install|remove pkg1 [pkg2 ...]
apt-get [options] source pkg1 [pkg2 ...]
apt-get is a command line interface for retrieval of packages
and information about them from authenticated sources and
for installation, upgrade and removal of packages together
with their dependencies.
Most used commands:
update - Retrieve new lists of packages
upgrade - Perform an upgrade
install - Install new packages (pkg is libc6 not libc6.deb)
remove - Remove packages
purge - Remove packages and config files
autoremove - Remove automatically all unused packages
dist-upgrade - Distribution upgrade, see apt-get(8)
dselect-upgrade - Follow dselect selections
build-dep - Configure build-dependencies for source packages
clean - Erase downloaded archive files
autoclean - Erase old downloaded archive files
check - Verify that there are no broken dependencies
source - Download source archives
download - Download the binary package into the current directory
changelog - Download and display the changelog for the given package
See apt-get(8) for more information about the available commands.
Configuration options and syntax is detailed in apt.conf(5).
Information about how to configure sources can be found in sources.list(5).
Package and version choices can be expressed via apt_preferences(5).
Security details are available in apt-secure(8).
This APT has Super Cow Powers.